India – Brazil Bilateral Relations

India Brazil relations is deep and huge covering every essential part of relation, basically bilateral in forum like IBSA, BRICS, BASIC, G-20, G-4 and on the bigger multilateral level like the UN, WTO, UNESCO, WIPO, etc. Bilateral connections between India and Brazil have acquired the dimension of a vital tie-up in the last ten years under the control of prior Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. His descendant President Dilma Rousseffr paid a visit to India in March 2012 which added terrific devoir and smug to India-Brazil relations. During the visit, she interacted with previous Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and adhered comprehensive excursus on bilateral, regional and multilateral affairs including inclusive of alia trade and commerce, science and technology, cultural exchange, UNSC reforms, terrorism, WTO and climate change. Both the leaders modernized their duty to toughen the India-Brazil Vital Partnership. President Dilma Rousseff also met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh during the BRICS Summit in Durban in March 2013, Rio+20 Sustainable Development Summit in June 2012, BRICS Summit in China in April 2011, IBSA Summit in South Africa and during the G-20 Summit in Cannes in Nov 2011.

Brazil is one of the most paramount commercial ally of India in the entire LAC region. India Brazil bilateral trade has expanded extensively in the last twenty years. Though, India's total bilateral trade (in goods) with Brazil fell to 9.5 billion dollars in 2013 declining by 10.7% from 10.6 billion in 2012 (Trade in goods and services, however, grew  to approx US$12 billion). Imports from Brazil to India that had increased strongly in 2012 from 3.2 billion US Dollar to 5.6 billion US Dollar.  This decreased as sharply in 2013 due to decrease in crude oil exports of Brazil. Crude-Diesel building a big share in our bilateral trade, near to 50%, is forced to create such dire fluctuations leaning on performance of this sub sector in a intrinsic year. Indian exports to Brazil that had witnessed the decrease in 2012 increased again past the 6 billion US Dollar mark largely due to rise in the diesel exports this year, fruit of persisted robust domestic demand and decrease in its own production in 2013 in Brazil. Brazil's share in Indian export market was about 2.6% whereas Brazil's share in Indian imports is about 1.3%. Huge portion of Indian exports to Brazil inclusive of fabricated products, ensued by assets and then semi fabricated goods.  Brazil's exports to India are influenced by assets such as crude oil. Diesel exports by Reliance itself account for more than 52% of India's exports to Brazil, up from the 41% of India's exports in 2012. Other top Indian goods sent out to Brazil are: Polyester Yarn, Chemical Products, Drugs and Cotton Yarn. Most of these goods have certified increase in2013. Top goods imported by India from Brazil include crude oil (imported by Reliance, accounting for, in 2013, 51% of total Indian imports or US$1.6 billion); 4 sugar (imported by Renuka Sugar India from Renuka do Brazil, at US$ 435 million, accounting for almost 14% of total imports); soy oil imports (US$233 million) and copper (US$240 million). Like Petroleum, the top 5 Brazilian exports to India viz. sugar, Soybean oil crude, Sulphide copper ores and other Copper ores and concentrates, all showed a less growth in 2013 over the year 2012.

by- Gaurav Bhatia

THE PAST AND PRESENT OF  TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND BRAZIL

India and Brazil are the emerging nations that hold similar principles on democracy, human rights, global governance and liberal strategies. They are partners on the basis of trade relations and have a lot to learn from each other. With their uniting stance on various multilateral and forums, the two countries are considered to be important for the creation of a new world order. Both the countries have huge potential to grow bilaterally. However, they require aggressive political will to strengthen their association.

Despite the many common challenges and a shared BRICS and IBSA identity, India remains remarkably underexplored by Brazilian academics and policy makers, and India-related decisions are often based not on country-specific information, but on vaguely defined images and concepts, the most prominent of which is the South-South partnership promoted by Brazil’s former President Lula da Silva. Brazil’s diplomatic presence in India remains far smaller than in countries such as France, Italy or China. This lack of knowledge is surprising given the near consensus about India’s long-term economic growth and certain medium-term importance in both the political and economic realms. Brazil’s India strategy is strong on grand rhetoric and high-profile encounters, but it is yet to be seen whether Brazil is able and willing to engage India in a more lasting and substantive partnership.

How can we explain this gap? A look into the past can be instructive. The history of India-Brazil relations, though generally benign, is marked by accidental and haphazard encounters. Five centuries ago, the Portuguese seafarer Pedro Alvares Cabral, on his way to India, was blown off course and landed on the Brazilian coast. After some initial excitement about the discovery, the Portuguese came to regard Brazil as much less strategically or economically valuable than India, and the South American discovery remained an emergency pit stop for ships that had run into technical or logistical problems. Still, this was enough to allow for the exchange of plants between India and Brazil early on. Manioc and cashew, both native to Brazil, were introduced in India, and India’s coconut and mango entered Brazil. While introduced much later, most of the cattle in Brazil today are of Indian origin.

Yet, for the following centuries ties between the Portuguese and British colony lay largely dormant. Upon gaining independence in 1947, the Indian government allocated land for important allies’ embassies along Shanti Path, the most luxurious street in New Delhi’s diplomatic neighbourhood, but the Latin American nations were not considered. The region, including Brazil, was simply not on India’s diplomatic or economic radar. Very much the same applied to India in Brazil, which was seen as an exotic place too far removed from Brazil’s more immediate concerns in its region.

Until well into the 1960s, there was not a single trade agreement between the two, and no more than 20 Indian visas were issued for Brazilians annually, most of them for diplomats. Despite the mutual ignorance, India did figure in the Brazilian universe as an ally in spirit. Particularly for Brazil’s leaders with a more developmentalist outlook, India’s world view seemed to be largely aligned with its own, and in the 1960s, the recently-founded UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development) and the G-77 were platforms that allowed both countries to articulate joint positions on several important issues.

For example, both Brazil and India were highly critical of nuclear weapons early on, and both condemned the enactment of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1967, calling it an attempt to ‘freeze’ the international power structure to contain emergent powers such as Brazil. Both countries supported the idea that rich countries should use the money not spent on arms to help developing countries fight poverty. The ‘3 Ds’ (disarmament, development, decolonization) represented an important aspect of their foreign policy. Although India embraced its natural claim to global power status earlier, and in a less ambiguous fashion, there seemed to be a common notion that the current, western dominated world order was fundamentally unjust, and that Brazil and India would somehow play an important role in correcting this plight.

Ties,However suffered after the signing of the US-India nuclear deal of 2005,In which the United States recognized India as a nuclear power. Brazil harshly criticized the deal. Aiding India’s nuclear weapons programme, the Brazilian government argued, violated theNPT, which banned such help to any country not recognized as a nuclear power by the treaty. Brazil had signed the treaty and refrained from developing nuclear weapons. India, Brazil claimed, had disregarded the rules andwas rewarded for it. Worse, India continued to refuse to sign the NPT (although accepting India to the NPT as a nuclear weapon state would have been unlikely anyway, since this would require the approval of all189 signatories to the treaty).

Yet Lula, believing in the long-term benefits of the partnership, sought to not let the disturbances permanently damage flourishing Brazil-India relations, and the two countries continued their project to strengthen ties. In 2004, a trade agreement between Mercosur and India was signed, and although it covers less than 1000 products, it did point towards a mutual willingness to strengthen economic ties. Trade be-tween the two grew from (US) $ 0.4 billion in 1999 to $2 billion in 2005, and to $5.6 billion in 2009, approaching $10 billion in 2011. In 2006, Manmohan Singh was the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Brazil in almost four decades.. In 2014,On the international front, the question of regional leader- ship comes to mind. Both Brazil and India seek to change the balance of power of international institutions such as the UN Security Council, while China is more of a status-quo power.In general, from both the Brazilian and Indian point of view, China may be in a different league altogether, and morecomparable to the United States.IBSA thus allows for interaction among equals, while the BRICS alliance is clearly dominated by China.

By-Arzoo Cheema

Brazilian and Indian Cuisine

Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region. This diversity reflects the country's mix of natives and immigrants. This has created a national cooking style, marked by the preservation of regional differences.Since the colonial period,the feijoada has been the country's national dish. Luís da Câmara Cascudo wrote that, having been revised and adapted in each region of the country, it is no longer just a dish, but has become a complete food. Rice and beans, also present in the feijoada, and considered basic at Brazilian tables, is highly regarded as healthy because it contains almost all amino acids, fiber, and starches needed for our body.

Brigadeiro is a candy very popular in birthday parties in Brazil.Brazil has a variety of candies that are traditionally eaten for birthday parties, like brigadeiros ("brigadiers") and beijinhos ("kissies"). Other foods typically consumed in Brazilian parties are coxinhas, churrasco, sfiha, empanadas, and pine nuts (in Festa Junina). Specially in the state of Minas Gerais, are produced and consumed the famous cheese bun. The typical northern food is pato no tucupi, tacacá, caruru, vatapá, and maniçoba; the Northeast is known for moqueca (having seafood and palm oil), acarajé (the salted muffin made with white beans, onion and fried in oil palm (dendê), which is filled with dried shrimp and red pepper), manioc, diz, hominy, dumpling, and Quibebe. In the Southeast, it is common to eat Minas cheese, pizza, tutu, sushi, stew, polenta, and masses of macaroni, lasagna, and gnocchi. In the South, these foods are also popular, but the churrasco is the typical meal of Rio Grande do Sul. Cachaça is Brazil's native liquor, distilled from sugar cane, and it is the main ingredient in the national drink, the caipirinha. Brazil is the world leader in production of green coffee (café);because the Brazilian fertile soil, the country could produce and expand its market maker and often establish its economy with coffee, since the Brazilian slavery,which created a whole culture around this national drink,which became known as the "fever of coffee" – and satirized in the novelty song "The Coffee Song", sang by Frank Sinatra and with lyrics by Bob Hilliard, interpreted as an analysis of the coffee industry, and of the Brazilian economy and culture

Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to sensuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold McGee, a favourite of many Michelin-starred chefs, writes "for sheer inventiveness with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India."

According to Sanjeev Kapoor, a member of Singapore Airlines' International Culinary Panel, Indian food has long been an expression of world cuisine. Kapoor claims, "if you looked back in India's history and study the food that our ancestors ate, you will notice how much attention was paid to the planning and cooking of a meal. Great thought was given to the texture and taste of each dish."One such historical record is Mānasollāsa, (Sanskrit: मानसोल्लास, The Delight of Mind), written in the 12th century. The book describes the need to change cuisine and food with seasons, various methods of cooking, the best blend of flavors, the feel of various foods, planning and style of dining among other things.

India is known for its love for food and spices. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the local produce, cultural diversity, and varied demographics of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories - northern, southern, eastern, western, and north-eastern. The diversity of Indian cuisine is characterised by differing use of many spices and herbs, a wide assortment of recipes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is vegetarian, many traditional Indian dishes also include chicken, goat, beef, buffalo, lamb, fish, and other meats. Fish-based cuisines are common in eastern states of India, particularly West Bengal.

Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of certain food preparations, and are used to enhance the flavour of a dish and create unique flavours and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the Persians, Mughals, and European colonists.

Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. In most Indian restaurants outside India, the menu does not do justice to the enormous variety of Indian cuisine available - the most common cuisine served on the menu would be Punjabi cuisine (chicken tikka masala is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom). There do exist some restaurants serving cuisines from other regions of India, although these are few and far between. Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of the most sought after trade commodities. The spice trade between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, set out to find new trade routes with India leading to the Age of Discovery The popularity of curry, which originated in India, across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as the "pan-Asian" dish.

Regional Indian cuisine continues to evolve. A fusion of East Asian and Western cooking methods with traditional cuisines, along with regional adaptations of fast food are prominent in major Indian cities.

-by Arzoo Cheema

Refrences-

http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Brazil_Relations_as_on_feb_2013.pdf

http://www.postwesternworld.com/2012/03/04/seeing-india-through-brazilian-eyes/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations

India-Brazil Relationships: Towards a prospective partnership

Brazil is the largest Latin American country and 5^th largest in the world, with population of 190 million, surrounded by 10 other South American countries. One of the major issues between India and Brazil was decolonization process of Portuguese enclaves in India. Although, current global orders inheres promising new scenarios leading to the creation of feasible and concrete bilateral ties between the two developing nations, republic of India and Federative republic of Brazil and in a way, India and Brazil seem to be transgressing the ‘rhetorical’ sway of past relations. Both countries have identified some of the core issues that need to be dealt by with them.

Bilateral economic relations between the two countries have been growing steadily in recent years. Bulk of Brazil’s exports to India constitutes crude oil, soya oil, auto parts, sugar and inorganic chemicals. Bulk of India’s export’s to Brazil constitutes diesel oil, pharmaceuticals etc. although, according to Dr. Carlos Duarte, ambassador of Brazil,  these products do not possess a value added component. In addition to that he also expressed that introduction to greater diversification in economic relationship is one of the challenges.

India and Brazil have been working towards improving their relationship on multiple fronts, which has manifested not only increased bilateral trade relations, but also in the field of science, technology and defence co-operations.

“India and Brazil share similar level of development and therefore have many complementarities in realm of agriculture, science, defence co-operations, education, energy, culture, technology and social policy making.”

                     -Amb. Duarte

India and Brazil agreed to cooperate in three broad areas: commercial, scientific and agriculture sectors, this was marked as start of strategic dialogue and closer partnership in international forum including UN and WTO. In the bilateral sphere, agreements were signed on the scientific and technological corporations, air services, human settlements, plant health protection, cultural festival, oil exploration, and construction. An important decision that was taken by both countries was to start bilateral relations on regional and global issues. Narendra Modi, the prime minister of India, also said in the 6^th summit of BRICS that “I look at the BRICS summit as an opportunity to discuss with my BRICS partners how we can contribute to international efforts to address regional crisis,  address security threats and restore a climate of peace and stability in the world”

Therefore, we can say that Indo-Brazil relations are undergoing promising metamorphosis. According to Duarte, there is tremendous scope for further cooperation between the two countries which share similar political principle and viewpoint on international issues.

 -By Oshin Dhawan

References:

1)       The Hindu, ‘BRICS Summit: Narendra Modi Leaves For Brazil”, dated July 13, 2014

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brics-summit-narendra-modi-leaves-for-brazil/article6206113.ece

2)       Ghosh Anjali, Tridib Chakraborti, Anindyo Jyoti Majumdar, Shibashis Chatterjee(ed.)2009. India's Foreign Policy. Pearson Education India. New Delhi.

3)       Buhra, Sneha. Aug 31, 2012. ‘Talk by Amb. Carlos Duarte on "India-Brazil Relations"’ , Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. New Delhi.

http://www.idsa.in/event/IndiaBrazilRelations